This book offers a state-of-the-art, evidence-based reference to all aspects of veterinary cytology. In: Abnormal Morphology of Bovine Spermatozoa, 8вЂ“18. There was highly significant difference in the distribution of the head, mid piece and tail abnormalities.Дetermination of the approximate sperm concentration of horse semen with the aid of a. There was a significant difference in the incidence of a abnormal spermatozoa between ejaculation. It was observed that the average incidence of morphologically abnormal spermatozoa in the surface, middle and bottom fraction taken together was 53.38 percent, (head, mid piece and tail abnormalities were 13.31, 15.50 and 23.98 percent resp.). The results obtained by the application of the three stains are almost similar. It has been observed that the percentage of morphologically abnormal spermatozoa is not influenced by stains. The studies on morphology of spermatozoa of Indian cattle with special reference to the abnormalities were studied. The normal sperm coexisting in the semen along with high proportions of abnormal.Д«ovine Sperm Nuclear Morphology Related to Breeds Sperm Separation Methods and Scrotal Insulation However, knobbed sperm, pyriform-shaped sperm, sperm with multiple nuclear vacuoles and sperm with proximal cytoplasmic droplets appeared to have similar functional deficiencies suggesting that abnormal morphology may be a marker of accompanying functional deficiencies.

In summary, morphologically abnormal sperm failed during the various steps of the fertilization process depending on the nature of abnormality. Apparently normal sperm co-existing in the semen along with proximal droplets were also functionally deficient, resulting in reduced zonae binding, and those oocytes that were fertilized did not develop beyond the cleavage stage of development. A proportion of sperm with proximal droplets failed to swim through the sodium hyaluronate swim-up medium and sperm with proximal droplets failed to bind with the zona pellucida of oocytes. However, those gaining access to the ooplasm participated normally in fertilization. Bovine sperm with multiple nuclear vacuoles had a reduced ability to bind to and penetrate the zona pellucida of bovine oocytes. The post-zona penetration fertilizing characteristics of normal sperm associated with knobbed sperm also appeared to be impaired. Knobbed sperm had impaired sperm plasma membrane function which predisposed them to spontaneous acrosome reaction on incubation after thawing, reducing oocyte interaction.

Bovine sperm with the knobbed acrosome defect had a reduced ability to bind to and penetrate the zona pellucida. Bovine sperm affected with the pyriform defect had a reduced ability to bind to and penetrate zonae pellucidae and although those penetrating oocytes were involved in the fertilization process, the resulting zygotes appeared to have a reduced ability to initiate cleavage. However, those gaining access to the ooplasm participated normally in fertilization.ДЄ combination of in vitro fertilization (IVF) and sperm function tests were used to determine the fertilizing characteristics of bovine sperm with abnormal morphology.

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